英语动词的用法,英语的动词有及物和不及物之分,及物动词后面要跟宾语,不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语。可充当宾语用的词类有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式等;有些动词后面可跟两个宾语—直接宾语和间接宾语;除了这些简单宾语外,有些动词可跟复合宾语;此外,有时宾语由一个句子担当,这便是宾语从句了。由此可见,宾语的种类十分多样,但更复杂的是并非每个动词后面都可以跟所有这些不词类型的宾语,一个动词后面跟什么样的宾语完全由这个动词的用法决定,动词用法上的复杂性不能不说是英语学习中的一大难题。一个动词的种种用法要靠平时注意积累和记忆,不能随心所欲。例如:
(误)I want you come here.
(正)I want you to come here.
(误)Please give me a call when you will arrive at the airport.
(正)Please give me a call when you arrive at the airport.
(误)I'll make him to complete it as soon as possible.
(正)I'll make him complete it as soon as possible.
可能大家会认为不及物动词的用法要简单些,但不少不及物动词后面可以加上一个介词再跟上宾语,或先跟一个副词,再加上介词跟宾语,加什么介词又不是可以随心所欲的。
因此,不及物动词在用法上也有自己的规则。下面就动词的用法提出几个值得注意的地方。
(1)当动词的宾语表示的是一个动作时,如“他喜欢听音乐”,“他停止了呼吸”,可作宾语的有两种词—不定式和动名词。不是任何一个动词后面都可以跟这两种词作宾语.
有的动词后面只能跟不定式,有的动词后面只能跟动名词;有的动词后面可以跟两者而没有多大区别,有的动词后面可以跟两者而大有区别。大家需要一一牢记。下面分别作些解释:
①只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词:want, wish, hope, manage, ask, offerdecide, learn, agree, care, choose, expect, undertake, promise, arrange, refuse, hesitate, prepare, fail, long, plan, etc.
(误)I meant buying a morning paper but I did not see any newsboy around.
(正)I meant to buy a morning paper but I did not see any newsboy around.
②只能用动名词作宾语的动词: finish, deny, enjoy, suggest, mind, consider, quitpractice, risk, recall, resent, keep(on),can't help, fancy, appreciate, etc.
(误)I cannot help to believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(正)I cannot help believing that the public will appreciate his gift.
③可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语而众义差别不大的动词:love, like, dislike, hate,begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, propose, etc.
I prefer having/to have a walk after dinner.
Most children like surfingito surf the Internet in their spare time.
At the meeting he proposed making/to make some changes in the plan.
They have already begun studying八o study the new field.
④可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有明显差别的动词:remember, forget, regret,try,need, stop, etc.
(2)不及物动词不能直接跟宾语,但有不少不及物动词可跟一个介词,然后再跟上介词的宾语。一个不及物动词后面跟哪一个介词往往是固定的,不能随意乱用。有时词一个动词后面还可能跟两个不词的介词,但意义不词。这些固定的用法是需要牢记的。下面是一些常见的“不及物动词+介词”的固定搭配。
agree with, agree to, approve of, count on, rely on, depend on, insist on, persist in, perseverein, think of, think about, succeed in, interfere with, interfere in, look into, object to, result from,result in, worry about, conform to, comply with, cooperate with, accord with, etc.
(3)英语中有不少构成方式固定的动词短语,如“动词+副词+介词”,“动词+名词+介词”等。这些结构中的介词也是要牢记的,不可随意改变。这类动词短语有:lookforward to, put up with, keep up with, stand up to, get through to, get along with, look down on,fall out with, pay attention to, take care of, devote something to, find fault with, etc.
在这些结构中,当介词是to时,要特别小合,因为它和不定式的符号“to”词形,因此常被误认为是个不定式,这类用法常考到。
(误)Nurses often devote their whole lives to tend the sick.
(正)Nurses often devote their whole lives to tending the sick.
有些及物动词后面可以跟复合宾语,但复合宾语有各种类型。一个动词后面可以跟哪一类或哪几类复合宾语是固定的。判断复合宾语使用是否得当,也是考试中常考到的一个方面。
复合宾语有四大类:
①名词(或代词)+不定式这个结构中的不定式有两种可能:带to和不带to。这取决于前面的谓语动词。要求跟带to的不定式的动词比较多,如:ask, tell, invite, want, force, compel, get, allow, expect,encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause,urge, etc.
要注意,有些动词虽然意义相近,但用法却不词,在做题时是很容易出错的。
(误)We hope you to take part in our competition.
(正)We wish you to take part in our competition.
要求跟不带to的不定式的动词比较少,有make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等。
这其中址容易为中国学生所忽视的是have这个动词。其实“have+宾语十不带to的不定式”的用法和意义都相当于大家十分熟悉的动词make,它们都属于有些语法书上说的使役动词。因此:
(误)The teacher had the students to close their books unexpectedly.
(正)The teacher had the students close their books unexpectedly.
②名词(或代词)+分词。
这个结构中的分词包括现在分词和过去分词,它们之间的选择取决于意义。要求跟这类复合宾语的动词有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel, set, make,smell, declare, etc.。如:
Nobody perceived John going out of the room.
Do you see something running over the cliff?
What he's done sets me thinking.
They would like to have the new house rented.
③名词(或代词)+名词。
这一类复合宾语只是在有限的一些动词后面用,常见的有。all, name, make, elect,appoint, nominate, think, find, consider, leave, etc.。如:
Can you tell me the way to the post office?
I found him a professor in that university.
We made him Chairman of the country.
④名词(或代词)+形容词。
常见的跟这类宾语的动词有:make, find, consider, think, keep, get, dye, paint,turn, prove, believe, render, cut, set, beat, etc.。如:
The seating arrangement makes it difficult for the pupils to talk to each other.
What I have been doing is to prove my conclusion right.
(4)注意系动词的用法。系动词的用法想必大家都是比较清楚的,即系动词后面要用形容词、名词作它的补语。问题是英语中有哪些动词可以作系动词用。动词to be是普通的系动词。此外,become, get, grow等也都是些常用的系动词。但除了这些以外,英语中还有一些动词也可以称作系动词.或至少是半系动词,主要的有五个表示人的五种感觉的动词,即look(看上去),sound(听上去),feel(摸上去),smell(闻上去),taste(尝起来)。注意这五个动词后面必须用形容词作补语,把它们当做是不及物动词而用副河去修饰的用法是错的。
(误)The silk feels smoothly.
(正)The silk feels smooth.